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Fund for an OPEN Society |
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because separate can never be equal. |
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How Segregation Came To Be |
Excerpted from American Apartheid
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Restrictive Covenants are contractual agreements stating that members of a given community could not allow certain races, ethnicities and religious groups to own, occupy or lease a property. According to Massey and Denton, restrictive covenants implemented by neighborhood associations limited the ability of African Americans to live in many neighborhoods, and were legal until being declared unenforceable by the Supreme Court in 1948. Neighborhood associations were assisted by real estates boards which promulgated model covenants in some cities. The National Association of Real Estate Brokers in 1924 adopted an article in its code of ethics stating that "a Realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood / members of any race or nationality whose presence will clearly be detrimental to real estate values in that neighborhood," a provision which remained in effect until 1950.
Restrictive Convenants | Redlining | The Price of Segregation |
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From American Apartheid: Racial segregation is not the natural order of things. In fact, the segregation we experience today is a direct result of actions taken by institutions including the federal government, neighborhood associations, the real estate industry and banks. Likewise, the disinvestment of central cities and the creation of the modern ghetto is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, but rather the direct result of policies which promoted segregation and then denied resulting minority neighborhoods access to home loans and commercial capital. |
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Restrictive Covenants |
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